Laba Festival marks the beginning of the Chinese New Year celebration and falls on the eighth day of the twelfth month in the traditional Chinese calendar, which in 2024 was on January 18th.
The festival originated from a ritual called La in the twelfth month, where emperors expressed gratitude to eight deities [‘deɪəti(神明、天主)] governing agriculture and sought blessings for the upcoming year.
Confucius emphasized the importance of balancing work and rest during the festival, highlighting its significance as a time for both celebration and rituals.
The festival evolved with the introduction of Buddhism, incorporating the story of Śhākyamuni (释迦摩尼) achieving enlightenment on the eighth day of the twelfth month. This led to the fusion [‘fjuːʒn(联合、融合)] of Laba Festival and La day celebration.
The most symbolic custom of the Laba Festival is making and eating Laba congee, a mixed grain congee with various ingredients symbolizing the treasures of Chinese Buddhism. Over time, more ingredients were added, and the congee became known as babaozhou, meaning eight treasure congee, despite having more than eight ingredients.
Today, Chinese people all over the world will enjoy a steaming bowl of 腊八粥 (làbā zhōu), rice porridge cooked with beans, nuts, and dried fruit. That’s because it is the Laba Festival (腊八节), a traditional holiday celebrated on the eighth day of Layue (腊月), the 12th lunar month. The ancient celebration continues as people today follow various customs like ancestor worship, visiting Buddhist temples, eating laba porridge, and making laba garlic.
The festival originated over 2,000 years ago as a celebration of the new harvest, but had no fixed date until after Buddhism spread to China around the first century CE. According to Chinese Buddhist legend, the Buddha had become as emaciated [ɪ’meɪʃieɪtɪd(瘦弱的；憔悴的)] as a fowl [faʊl(家禽)] after following ascetic [ə’setɪk(苦行者)] practices for many years in his quest for understanding and enlightenment. Seeing his physical state, a passing shepherdess [ˌʃepə’des(牧羊女)] offered him a bowl of rice porridge made with beans, rice, and milk. Gaining strength and spirit after eating the porridge, the Buddha began meditating under the Bodhi tree. Then, on the eighth day of the 12fth lunar month, he successfully attained enlightenment.
The celebration of the Buddha’s day of enlightenment appears to have emerged in the Northern and Southern Dynasties period (420 – 589), when followers chanted [tʃɑːnt(吟唱；诵扬)] sutras [ˈsuːtrəs(佛经)] in temples and prepared laba porridge as an offering for the Buddha. Buddhists also began offering porridge to all visitors to the temple. The celebration slowly entered into folk culture and became a widespread custom over time.
Visitors to Yonghe Temple in Beijing receive porridge on laba festival in 2019 (VCG)
The festival became hugely popular during the Qing dynasty (1616 – 1911), when a grand ceremony would be held at the Yonghe (Lama) Temple in Beijing every year. According to historical records, a huge bronze [brɒnz(青铜制的)] cauldron [‘kɔːldrən(大锅)] (2 meters in diameter, 1.5 meters deep, and 4 ton in weight) was used to cook the laba porridge for the ceremony.
The palace held meticulous preparatons before the event. On the fifth day of the 12th lunar month, the Imperial Household Department (内务府), an institution that managed the internal affairs of the Qing imperial family and the activities of the inner palace, prepared the ingredients for the porridge, which by this time included cream and mutton (perhaps for the tastes of the Manchus from the north who now ruled China) in addition to grains and dried fruit.
On the sixth day, the heads of the Imperial Household Department and other ministers supervised the weighing of ingredients and the gathering of firewood. On the seventh day, the emperor sent a minister to supervise the whole process of cooking the porridge until it was finished before dawn of the eighth day, just in time for the festival.
During the ceremony, officials were led by another minister to present the laba porridge to Buddha before offering it to the court. The steaming bowls of porridge were decanted into (轻轻倒出；移入其他容器) six smaller cauldrons: the first one was offered to Buddha; the second to the emperor and the Imperial Palace; the third to aristocrats [æ’rɪstəkræts (土族)] and Grand Lamas; the fourth to civil and military ministers; the fifth to other lamas at the Yonghe Temple; and the sixth to the common people as a symbol of generosity or charity.
Today, ceremonies and offerings of laba porridge are still made at Yonghe Temple and other Buddhist places of worship around the country. The Laba Festival also marks the moment where anticipation begins for Chinese New Year, which takes place just a few weeks later. With new year feasts just around the corner, parents have to remind their children not to indulge in too much laba porridge. A popular saying goes, “Little child, little child, don’t be greedy; after laba the New Year will come (小孩小孩你别馋，过了腊八就是年).”
